Which condition is commonly associated with hyperuricemia?

Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, is commonly associated with renal failure. In cases of renal failure, the kidneys are less effective at excreting uric acid, leading to its accumulation. The kidneys are responsible for the majority of uric acid elimination from the body; thus, when their function is impaired, uric acid levels can rise significantly.

In contrast, conditions such as chronic liver disease, xanthine oxidase deficiency, and Paget's disease of the bone do not have the same strong association with hyperuricemia. Chronic liver disease can affect various metabolic pathways, but it does not directly lead to the same ubiquitous increase in uric acid levels as renal impairment does. Xanthine oxidase deficiency would typically lead to alterations in purine metabolism, but it is a rare genetic condition and not a common cause of hyperuricemia. Paget's disease primarily affects bone metabolism and is not primarily linked to uric acid regulation or excretion.

Thus, renal failure stands out as the most directly associated condition with hyperuricemia due to its impact on uric acid clearance.